Answer :
Answer: a side-effect of an activity that affects bystanders whose interests are not taken into account.
Explanation:
Externalities are side effects which can either be positive or negative that affect third parties n a transaction that they had no say over and whose interests were never taken into account.
The positive externalities benefit society but the negative ones reduce the overall welfare of society. For instance, the cigarette smoke from a smoker causing illness in another who wasn't smoking due to second hand smoke - this is negative.